For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. 47. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. His name is c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. c. gestalt. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. b. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. b. exposure therapy. How so? d. fixation. This is an example of behavior modification using: What about other students in the class that you know? This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. d. existential. We will explore a few of these factors in this section. d. indicator of psychological conflict. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. 131. 54. None of the models are complete within themselves. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. They are tied to experiences early in life. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. Please note that we will not cover this process in full, but just the parts relevant to our topic of psychopathology. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. 1. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. 129. c. primary process thought. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? 118. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? A friend recommends this therapy. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. a. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? d. create an ideal set of genes. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. The response re-emerges. 45. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. 2.3.2.5. I'm here for you." Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. b. operant conditioning. b. ego. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. b. modeling. d. cognitive-behavioral. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. b. ego. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. 78. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. 56. a. modeling. 71. 113. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. PSY470 Models of Abnormality - Running Head: BENCHMARK - StuDocu 143. Conditioning. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. d. classical conditioning. 77. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. 87. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. b. cognitive-behavioral 40. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. a. gestalt d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. This is a physical aspect of what disease? This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. 2.2.1.5. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. This thought is an example of: a. depression. 159. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. Conditioning is when learning occurs. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? This is an example of: If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Medical Model of Mental Health in Psychology b. brain stimulation. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? We will cover this process in three parts. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. 92. d. fixation. b. learned behavior. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. b. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. 2.2.3.1. Once free, the cat was allowed to eat some food before being promptly returned to the box. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). A patient has social anxiety disorder. The answer is continuous. List and describe the models of abnormality. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. d. frustrating the client. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. You are doing your best. c. psychoanalytic theory. 161. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? c. ineffective treatment options. 44. c. transference. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? 2.3.2.4. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. c. overgeneralization. There is not a leader, and everyone is equal. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. d. classical conditioning. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. 52. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? 43. b. ones values and goals. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. There are two main ways they can present themselves. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. The final section is a 128. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. b. ego. b. resistance. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. b. BIO 205 Flashcards | Quizlet The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. 154. Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards - Easy Notecards 119. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? Dont worry. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? 26. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. b. negative transference. c. maintenance. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. d. existential, 125. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. c. insert RNA into genes. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. a. Dysfunction b. 2.3.3.3. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. c. superego. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills. PDF Psychological Disorders d. cognition-focused. 81. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. In this case, extinction continues. You might make the case that some of the side effects are worse than the condition they are treating. This is called the. 57. Which statement about paradigms is FALSE? b. self theory. c. regression. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. c. transference. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. c. psychoanalysts. b. prevention. b. neurotransmitters. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. Describe observational learning and modeling. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. 94. Attributions and cognitive errors. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? b. self-actualization. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders.
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